The present study on Assessment of acid lime varieties for growth, yield and quality traits suitable for
Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu was conducted at Citrus Research Station, Vannikonenthal and
demonstrated at ten different farmers’ field at Vannikonenthal village of Manur block, Tirunelveli district
during 2021- 2022. The observation on growth, yield, quality parameters and cost economic traits were
recorded. The results revealed that PKM1 variety recorded the highest values for the traits such as plant
height (3.63 m), tree spread (3.26 m E-W; 3.58 m N-S), canopy volume (7.583 m3), fruit girth (3.65 cm),
fruit weight (46.70 g), fruit volume (44.20 cc), number of fruits per tree (1006.25), yield per tree (41.60
kg/tree), yield per ha (12.76 t/ha), TSS (7.86 oBrix), fruit juice content (37.50 ml), acidity (6.501 %) and
ascorbic acid content (32.15 mg/100g), followed by Balaji whereas the lowest values was found in farmers’
practices (Puliyankudi local) (3.15 m; 2.90 E-W; 3.32 N-S; 4.93 m3; 3.35 cm; 39.50 g; 37.30 cc; 35.77 kg/
tree; 9.91 t/ha; 6.78 oBrix; 31.30 ml, 6.35 %; 24.10 mg/100g).Furter, it was found that PKM1 recorded the
highest net returns of Rs. 1,40,100/ ha with the B:C ratio of 2.22 followed by Balaji (Rs. 1,17,500/ha; 2.04).
However, the farmers’ practices registered the lowest net profit (Rs. 82,000/ha) and benefit cost ratio (1.71).
The incidence of bacterial canker observed that the lowest incidence was recorded in PKM1 and Balaji
whereas the highest incidence was noticed in farmer’s practices (23.25 %). PKM1 registered 28.0 per cent
increased yield over farmers’ practice.

The present investigation was conducted at Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari (Gujarat, India)
during two consecutive seasons (2019-20 and 2020-21)to determine the degree of correlation between
climatic parameters and duration for different phenophases in seven mango varieties viz., Sonpari,
Alphonso, Amrapali, Kesar, Dashehari, Totapuri and Rajapuri. Climatic parameters viz. temperature,
relative humidity,wind velocity, bright sunshine hours and rainfallwere considered as independent variables
and different phenological stages viz., days to FBD, panicle initiation, flower opening, grain stage fruits,
pea stage fruits, marble stage fruits and maturity as dependent variables. Results revealed that, climatic
parameters viz., temperature (maximum and minimum), relative humidity (maximum and minimum)and
bright sunshine hours (day-1) were significantly negatively correlated with days to FBD, pea stage fruits,
marble stage fruits and mature stage fruits. However, none of the climatic parameter produced its significant
correlation for days to gain stage fruits. It was also observed that, extended rainfall delayed flower bud
differentiation and temperature fluctuations during panicle initiation, adversely affected its occurrence.

systematic study was conducted to evaluate the effect of balanced feeding to pregnant gilt and sow
during pre and post farrowing on performances of their newborn piglets upto weaning ( 8 weeks) at village
condition of Namsai district of Arunachal Pradesh. A total of 36 cross bred ( Large white Yorkshire X
Local) gilts and sows were selected for the study and divided into two groups. Trial group animal (n=18)
were fed 1.5 kg of extra concentrate balanced feed along with traditional feed and in control group animals
(n=18) fed only with traditional feed prepared with locally available feed stuff. Data were recorded of 215
numbers of new born piglets received in both the groups on the basis of piglet mortality and body weight at
birth, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks of age. The average pre-weaned piglet mortality was recorded as 14.2%. The
average piglet body weight at birth, 2nd weeks, 4th weeks, 6th weeks and 8th weeks in the trial and control
group was recorded as 0.85 ± 0.02 and 0.65 ± 0.02; 3.35 ± 0.12 and 2.29± 0.05; 5.57 ± 0.21 and 3.73 ±
0.06; 7.83 ± 0.31 and 5.24 ± 0.02 and 10.33 ± 0.41 and 7.14 ± 0.02 kg, respectively.

Naturalized Artemia franciscana strains were collected from the Kelambakam hypersaline habitats along
the Southeastern coast of India. Naturally occurring microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata, Dicrateria
inornata, Pavlova viridis, and Isochrysis galabana has been used as Poly Unsaturated Fatty acid (PUFA)
enrichment diet for Artemia nauplii. Artemia was enriched for different time intervals (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 h) to
find the optimum enrichment duration for the biometrical characters of the Artemia nauplii and to compare
their suitability as fatty acid enrichment source. The length and width of Artemia nauplii enriched with
microalgae exhibited a marginal increase up to 7 h of enrichment followed by a significant increase after
9h. Lipid contents of the nauplii enriched with N. oculata and I. galabana were high (26.20 and 26.25,
respectively) at three hours of enrichment and observed a significant decrease at nine hours of enrichment.
Total PUFA content of the Artemia nauplii enriched by I. galabana, P. viridis, and D. inornata was increased
at seven hours of enrichment and on further enrichment (9 h), PUFA content was found to be significantly
reduced. Maximum DHA was recorded in Artemia nauplii enriched with I. galabana (3.69% at 7 h), and it
was found to be significantly higher than nauplii enriched with other microalgae. The microalgae-induced
naupliar enrichment concerning essential PUFAs like DHA and EPA does not require more than 7 h
enrichment while maintaining the naupliar size at their minimum for use in larval feeding.

The coconut (Cocos nucifera) seed germinates slowly, taking even up to 4 months before the shoot
appears. During the germination process of coconut, the nut undergoes several changes in its physical
characteristics along with development of coconut haustorium that helps in the mobilization of nutrients
during germination. The present research focused on studying the physical changes occurring in coconut
seed during germination process starting from the 10th week to the 20th week of germination and the results
indicated that coconut undergoes significant changes in physical characteristics of the nut viz. longitudinal
and transverse diameter of whole nut and dehusked nut, husk characteristics, nut weight and haustorium
weight, which need to be understood for proper assimilation of germination process of coconut seed.

This research study was planned to find long term changes in the temperature and rainfall in the Narmada
district of Gujarat, India. Long term data were collected and observed the monthly maximum temperature
trend in the months of February, March, April, August and December with Sens’s slope of 0.061, 0.041,
0.030, 0.046 and 0.036, respectively. Similarly, monthly minimum temperature had trend as Sen’s slope
in the months: February, March, April, July, August, September and October as 0.053, 0.039, 0.044, 0.015,
0.021, 0.024 and 0.034 respectively. Similarly, monthly mean temperature has trend in the February, March,
April, May, August and December, Sen’s slope as 0.059 0.039, 0.041, 0.030, 0.035 and 0.026 respectively.
The annual precipitation in the Narmada district was estimated at 3463.9 MCM and nine major crop water
requirements were 776.3 MCM and gross irrigation requirement was 277.83 MCM which was useful for
the crop planning in the Narmada district.

Vermicomposting is one of the simplest methods of recycling organic waste materials into a high quality
compost. It is a major component of organic farming and has been gaining popularity among the farmers
because of its manifold benefits. The present study was conducted during the year 2020-21in four locations
namely, Barjar, Sandheli, Sariahtoli and Bali villages of Nalbari district, Assam with two treatments viz.,
open bed method and tank method with a view to compare the duration of composting, earthworm population
build up and production of quantity of vermicompost between the two methods. For tank method concrete
tank of size 1.8 m x 0.9 m x 0.6 m (Lx B x H) was constructed whereas for open bed method of same size were
prepared on the ground demarcating with bamboo. Organic waste materials such as banana pseudostem,
water hycianth and other farm wastes and cowdung were used as raw materials and species of earthworm
Eisenia foetida were inoculated @ 200 numbers per tank/ bed. The results indicated that duration of
composting, earthworm population build up and quantity of vermicompost produced were significantly
higher in open bed method of vermicomposting as compared to the tank method of vermicomposting. The
time taken for vermicomposting was lowered by 20 days, maximum population was increased by 133
numbers and quantity of vermicompost produced significantly higher by 13 kg per bed in open bed method
than the tank method. The open bed method was proved to be more feasible, suitable and beneficial in terms
of production cost, time and labour saving, earthworm multiplication and generate higher economic return
than the tank method. This method can be adopted for large scale commercial production of vermicompost.

Beekeeping refers to the human-driven maintenance and management of honey bee colonies, typically in
hives, and is considered an environmentally sustainable and socially and economically viable endeavor.
Understanding the challenges hindering the adoption of recommended beekeeping practices can enhance
the collaboration between research, extension systems, and practitioners. This study focused on the Bhimtal
block in Nainital district, Uttarakhand, known for its significant honey production. The top four honeyproducing
villages were chosen to pinpoint constraints and gather suggestions regarding the adoption of
recommended beekeeping practices in the Kumaon hills of Uttarakhand. The primary obstacles identified
in the study include a lack of essential skills to embrace recommended practices and a skepticism about
the practical utility of modern-day recommendations. The study aimed to uncover these constraints and
propose recommendations to promote the adoption of recommended beekeeping practices in the Kumaon
hills of Uttarakhand

The present investigation entitled Diversity of Hemipteran Insects with different Kharif crops in Bikaner
vicinity, Rajasthan was carried out during the year 2020-2021 in the Department of Entomology, College of
Agriculture, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner. The collection of hemipteran
insects was started in the last week of July from different crops grown in the vicinity of district Bikaner,
Rajasthan and continued up to the mid October. The maximum number (761 insects out of 2327) of
hemipteran insects were associated with the crop family Gramineae followed by family Leguminosae
(32.16%) and Malvaceae (27.30%).

A field experiment was conducted to observe yield and quality of baby corn in split plot design with three
treatments of crop geometry (30 cm x 20 cm, 30 cm x 15 cm and 30 cm x 10 cm) in main plots and five
levels of nitrogen management (60, 75, 90, 105 kg/ha and 45 kg/ha+ 5 t FYM) in sub plots with three
replications. Crop geometry 30 cm x 10 cm have more number of plants per unit area as compared to other
crop geometry i.e 30 cm x 20 cm and 30 cm x 15 cm. Crop geometry have non significant effect on crop
phenology stages of baby corn i.e days taken for knee high, tasseling and silking. However, plant height,
leaf area index (LAI), cob yield, baby corn yield, fodder yield, dry matter accumulation and total nitrogen
uptake in 30 cm x 10 cm crop geometry were significantly higher than all other geometry treatments.
Length of baby corn, weight of cob and baby corn weight were significantly higher in 30 cm x 20 cm
crop geometry. Crude protein content of baby corn was significantly higher in 30 cm x 20 cm than other
treatments. Growth and yield parameters like plant height, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, cob
yield, baby corn yield, total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake, cob weight, number of cobs per
plant, baby corn length, girth, weight of baby corn were significantly improved by nitrogen application up
to 105 kg N/ha. Significant increase in quality parameters such as crude protein, total sugar and starch of
baby corn was in 105 kg N/ha treatment, but non significant effect on cob texture, TSS and total solids.

Cocoa is one of the important beverage crops showed variability in seed propagation owing to its selfincompatibility.
Hence, vegetative propagation method through cutting was attempted with different
environments to produce genetically uniform planting materials. Out of various treatment combinations
tried, the plagiotropic shoots treated with IBA 7500 ppm and kept under automated mist chamber condition
recorded early sprout initiation 13.27 days and more sprouting (28 %) and rooting percentage (50.50 %).

An effect of fruit bagging, reflective mulch and foliar potassium spray on quality of apple cv. Fuji Zehn
Aztec was studied in high density Apple block of Division of Fruit Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University
of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar during 2016-2017. Treatments
consisted of fruit bagging done at two time periods (4 and 6 weeks after petal fall), reflective mulch at two
different widths (100cm and 75 cm), potassium sulphte spray at two concentrations (0.50% and 0.75%) and
the all 4 combinations of reflective mulch and potassium sulphate spray, constituting total 11 treatments. The
results revealed that fruit size and yield did not show any significant effect by any treatment, however the
improvements with respect to total sugars, ascorbic acid, TSS, TSS: acid ratio and organoleptic rating were
observed by all the treatments over control. Fruit firmness and acidity were decreased by all the treatments
as compared to control. On overall basis the treatment consisting of potassium sulphate spray@0.75%
+ polyethylene reflective mulch (100cm) proved to be most appreciating wherein figures regarding fruit
weight (178.20g), total sugars (15.04 %), ascorbic acid (5.97 mg/100g), TSS (18.80 %), TSS: acid ratio
(89.52) and organoleptic rating (3.80/5) were above the values as recorded under other treatments. The
study indicated that Fuji apple showed positive responses to application of fruit bagging, reflective mulch
and foliar potassium spray in enhancing the fruit biochemical characters.

Onion is major rabi vegetable crop grown for its edible bulbs. In Punjab, farmers grow onion on a large
scale and often use chemical fertilizers injudiciously to harness its maximum yield potential to make it
viable commercially. However non judicious use of these chemical fertilizers had adversely affected soil
health, environment and other natural resources including human health. Therefore, it becomes necessary
to reduce the use of harmful chemical fertilizers. Krishi Vigyan Kendra S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) conducted
on-farm trials during 2021-22 at five locations in the district to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient
management (INM) in onion for better crop productivity and improved soil health. The trial was conducted
in randomized block design (RBD) with three treatments and three replications. The treatments comprised
T1: Non Judicious Use (Farmers’ Practice), T2: Application of NPK: 100:50:50 Kg/ha along with 50 t FYM
(farm yard manure). T3: Combined application of 110:40:60:20 Kg/ha NPKS along with organic manures
equivalent to 15 ton FYM and Azospirillum and PSB (phosphate solubilising bacteria) @ 5 Kg each. The
results revealed that treatment T3 provided highest yield (400.50 q/ha) with maximum BC ratio of 4.34
followed by T2 (383.32 q/ha) with BC ratio of 3.93 and T1 with yield of 359.17 q/ha and BC ratio of 3.55.
Similar trends were observed for growth parameters. On the basis of above investigation it can be concluded
that use of integrated nutrient management practice gave higher yields and better returns as compared to
control. Combined application of 110:40:60:20 Kg/ha NPKS along with organic manures equivalent to 15
tonn FYM and Azospirillum and PSB @ 5 Kg each was found to be the best for sustainable production.

In the present study, the effect of live feed (Artemia Nauplii) and farm-made feed on the growth and
survival of the Zebrafish, Danio rario fry was investigated. The mean value of water temperature, pH,
dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, ammonia (NH3) nitrite (NO2), and nitrate (NO3) in live feed (Artemia
Nauplii) in the experimental tank was observed as 28oC, 8.4, 4.5 mg/l, 140 mg/l, 0.02mg/l, 0.04 mg/ and
0.12 mg/l respectively. Whereas the farm-made feed tank registered the mean value of water temperature
28.5oC, pH 8.5, dissolved oxygen 4.0mg/l, Ammonia (NH3) 0.09mg/l, Nitrite (NO2) 0.06 mg/l. The specific
growth rate was a maximum of 405.28 in the live feed tank than in the farm-made feed tank 351.88. The
maximum SGR is 405.28. The highest survival 98% was achieved in the live feed experiment tank than in
the farm-made feed tank

Demand for value added fish products is increasing continuously and a wide range of ‘Ready to Cook
(RTC)’ or ‘Ready to Eat (RTE)’ fish products are available in the market. To study the shelf life of ready to
eat fish balls prepared from rohu (Labeo rohita) mince and stored at refrigerated temperature (4±1oC) under
aerobic packaging fish on the basis of changes in proximate composition, oxidative stability and sensory
characteristics. With the progress of time moisture content in fish balls reduced significantly (p <0.05)
from 45.56 to 41.59%, whereas protein content increased significantly from 21.43 to 23.52% on 21st day.
No significant (p <0.05) change in fat, carbohydrate and ash content recorded during the storage period.
Significant (p <0.05) change in biochemical parameters like pH (5.24 to 5.58), Titratable Acidity (0.38 to
0.63% lactic acid), Peroxide Value (1.52 to 3.7 meq/kg), free fatty acid (0.18 to 0.42%) and Thiobarbituric
Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) 0.86 to 1.32 mg malonaldehyde/kg recorded on 21st day. Textural
changes as hardness, fracturability, springiness, chewiness, shear force and work of shear showed significant
(p <0.05) change with progress of storage period. Ready to Eat fish balls shows better acceptability upto
14th day at refrigerated temperature (4±1oC) under aerobic packaging.

An experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2020 at the college farm, Navsari Agricultural
University, Navsari, to study the “Interaction effect of varieties, FYM and nitrogen levels on crude protein
and nutrient content in summer fodder pearl millet under South Gujarat conditions.” The experiment
employed a factorial randomized block design with three replications, evaluating a total of twelve treatment
combinations. These combinations included two varieties (V1: GAFB-4 and V2: GFB-1), two levels of
FYM (F1: control and F2: 5.0 t FYM/ha), and three levels of nitrogen treatment (N1: 75% RDN/ha, N2: 100%
RDN/ha, and N3: 125% RDN/ha). Incorporation of 5.0 t FYM/ha significantly increased crude protein
(7.54%) and nitrogen content (1.21%) compared to the control. Furthermore, applying 125% RDN/ha
resulted in significantly higher crude protein (8.06%) and nitrogen content (1.29%) compared to the 75%
RDN treatment. The interaction effect of FYM 5.0 t/ha + 125% RDN/ha recorded significantly the highest
crude protein content (8.81%) and nitrogen content (1.41%) among all the treatment combinations.

The study was conducted to find the effectiveness of vegetable cultivation using kitchen gardening
demonstrations at different villages of Amritsar and Tarn Taran (Punjab) during Kharif and Rabi season of
2020-2021. Various farmers who were adopting vegetable kitchen garden were selected in district Amritsar
and Tarn Taran and the data was collected by personal field visit and interview schedule with farmers.
The area per demonstration was 6×6 sq m. This model of vegetable kitchen garden was suggested by
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The vegetable cultivation by using this model was very effective
to increase the supply of vegetables throughout the year. Vegetables like Bottle Gourd, Tomato, Radish,
Chinese cabbage and Carrot gives more yield per plot. The harvesting span of vegetables ranged between
30 to 120d in Amritsar district while 30d to 125d in Tarn Taran district. Vegetables like Chinese cabbage,
turnip and fenugreek were early to harvest while others like onion and garlic were late to harvest. The total
yield per plot ranges from 62.5q/ha to 500q/ha in district Amritsar and 45 q/ha to 475 q/ha in Tarn Taran
district. Vegetables like bottle gourd, tomato, radish, Chinese cabbage and carrot gives higher yield in both
of the districts. The net income from various vegetables ranges from Rs100 per sqm to Rs 400/m2 of plot in
district Amritsar and Rs90/- to Rs350/- in Tarn Taran district.

Taking into account importance of tomato cultivation in Chomu block of Jaipur district, an experiment was
conducted to evaluate field efficacy of Indoxacarb 14.5 SC and pheromone trap. Per cent fruit infestation in
farmer’s practice (T1) was 15.35 whereas only 2.74 per cent fruit infestation was documented in assessed
treatment (T2). Larval population per plant was high (3.14) in T1 treatment and recorded significantly
lower (0.57) in T2 treatment. Number of adult moth trapped per trap was 12.50 only. Average fruit yield
in assessed treatment was 510q/ha and 530q/ha during year 2021 and 2022, respectively. Fruit yield of
farmer’s practice was 450 q/ha for year 2021 and 460q/ha for 2022.Net return of assessed technology (Rs.
2, 80,550) was high for year 2021 as compared to farmer’s practice (Rs.2, 23,000). Similarly, for year 2022
net return of assessed technology was Rs. 3, 09,750 and Rs. 2, 44,000 of farmer’s practice. Both the year
economic performance of assessed technology of superior to farmer’s practice In-case of benefit cost ratio,
it was recorded 2.22 and 2.40 for assessed treatment during year 2021 and 2022, respectively. However, it
was 1.98 and 2.13 for farmer’s practice during year 2021 and 2022, respectively.

The post-harvest losses accrue not only to the economic depreciation of the vegetables but also generate a quantum of waste which further leads to various environmental hazards. Proper post-harvest handling is important in maintaining quality and insuring safety of the vegetables while being brought to the consumer. Post-harvest losses in vegetables can be attributed to poor harvesting method, rough handling, improper packaging and poor transport conditions. In the present study, factors affecting the adoption of post-harvest management practices were studied for major vegetables grown in the Punjab state.The study was conducted in vegetable growing clusters namely; Baba Bakala Sahib, Malerkotla and Nakodar and vegetables selected were potato, pea, tomato, okra and cauliflower. Snowball sampling technique was employed for selection of respondents from every cluster to get respondents for all selected vegetables. This technique was used to select 80 farmers from three clusters, making up a total of 240 farmers. Major factors affecting adoption of post-harvest management practices by vegetable growers were inadequate storage and infrastructural facilities and high cost involved in following recommended practices. It was suggested that there is need to popularize field level trainings and low cost storage technologies, so that post-harvest losses could be minimized.

Blood grass (Isahcne miliacea Roth ex Roemet Schult) belongs to the family Poaceae is most dominant perennial weed species in the rice under cultivated and fallow situations. Habitat analysis of a weed species shows the interrelationship between the growth characters and adaptive mechanism that enable weeds to survive the changes in environment. Blood grass is one of the most dominant weed species in the wet land rice fields of Kerala with a relative density as high as 65 per cent during both first and second crop seasons as well as under both cultivated and fallow situations. Water and soil samples were collected and analyzed and correlated with dry weight of blood grass collected from the same spots to assess the habitat affinity of the weed. The sites selected from four major wet land rice agro ecological units of Kerala. Blood grass co- existed with rice crop, rice fallows, field bunds and irrigation channels but the growth was poor under deep flooded field conditions. The infested sites in general were acidic wherein the pH between from 4.2 to 5.9. Dry weight of blood grass had significant positive correlation with soil organic carbon in all agro ecological units. The dry weight of blood grass samples collected from the agro – ecological units varied between 90.8 g m-2to 659.3 g m-2. The available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium in water recorded significant positive correlation while water level recorded significant negative correlation with the weed biomass production. The negative correlation with EC indicated that the blood grass growth was poor in saline soils.

An on farm trial (OFT) was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of organic fungicides against false smut disease in rice. The trial was laid out in Randomised Block Design (RBD) with 3 treatments and replicated eight times. Three different treatments consist of T1 COC 50% WP @ 0.3 %, T2 Bordeaux mixture @1% and T0 Farmer’s practice. The sprays were given in three stages of rice growing period during booting, 50% panicle emergence and 100% panicle emergence. The rice variety RCM-13 was used. The results showed that three sprays of Copper oxychloride (COC) 50% WP (T1) and Bordeaux mixture (BM) 1% (T2) significantly reduced the percent infected grain and disease severity against the farmer’s practice (T0). T1 and T2 were significantly effective in percent reduction of disease severity over control resulting 86.57% and 77.78% respectively during kharif 2020. Similarly during kharif 2021 both the T1 and T2 treatments significantly reduced the percent disease severity over control (86.81% and 77.28%) respectively. Therefore, result obtained in the yield recorded 66.0 q/ha, 59.1 q/ha in T1 and T2 against the farmer’s practice (T0) 52.11 q/ha respectively. The highest percent increase over control was recorded in T1 (21.97%) followed by T2 (9.22%).

Climate-resilient crops and varieties have been recommended as a way for farmers to cope with or adapt to climate change, but despite the apparent benefits, rate of adoption by smallholder farmers are highly variable. Kanyakumari being rice belt of the erstwhile Travancore State has certain indigenous varieties
suitable for the high rainfall zone. The cultivation of indigenous red rice varieties like samba was the priority of the district. These tall and lodging varieties with low yield and lesser response to the inputs, was slowly replaced with high yielding new varieties ASD 16, TPS3 and TPS 5. These white bold variety with
good cooking quality and high yielding ability has become the ruling variety replacing traditional samba in the district. A study on the spread effect of the climate resilient rice variety was taken up with specificity on finding the varietal acceptance and replacement pattern since the release of a new variety. The study focused on TPS 5 with respect to varietal acceptance and area expansion due to its stress tolerance in water logged conditions. This variety has replaced 69.55% of the total area cultivated. The major factor behind the sudden expansion of area was due to its non-lodging character and performance in SRI method which yielded on and average of 6 t/ ha and 5.4 t/ha in natural farming situations in the district. The crop survived the submerged condition with lesser damage in yield

An experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2020 at the college farm, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, to study the “Interaction effect of varieties, FYM and nitrogen levels on crude protein and nutrient content in summer fodder pearl millet under South Gujarat conditions.” The experiment
employed a factorial randomized block design with three replications, evaluating a total of twelve treatment combinations. These combinations included two varieties (V1: GAFB-4 and V2: GFB-1), two levels of FYM (F1: control and F2: 5.0 t FYM/ha), and three levels of nitrogen treatment (N1: 75% RDN/ha, N2: 100%  RDN/ha, and N3: 125% RDN/ha). Incorporation of 5.0 t FYM/ha significantly increased crude protein (7.54%) and nitrogen content (1.21%) compared to the control. Furthermore, applying 125% RDN/ha  resulted in significantly higher crude protein (8.06%) and nitrogen content (1.29%) compared to the 75%
RDN treatment. The interaction effect of FYM 5.0 t/ha + 125% RDN/ha recorded significantly the highest crude protein content (8.81%) and nitrogen content (1.41%) among all the treatment combinations

A laboratory experiment was carried out at the Soil and Water Testing Laboratory of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kerala Agricultural University, Sadanandapuram, Kollam, Kerala to evaluate the sensitivity of  entomopathogenic fungi (EPF): Metarhizium anisopliae, Lecanicillium lecanii and Beauveria bassiana to pre-mix herbicides. The herbicides used for the in vitro study were Metsulfuron methyl + Chlorimuron ethyl, Cyhalofop-Butyl + Penoxsulam, and Pretilachlor + Bensulfuron methyl which are the popular herbicides among the rice farmers. The experiments were laid out in a completely randomized block design with 4 treatments and 4 replications separately for each entomopathogen. Radial growth and percentage inhibition of entomopathogenic fungi observed in the media poisoned with respective herbicides were recorded. Percentage inhibition was rated using Hassan’s classification chart. During all stages of observation, the growth inhibition of M. anisopliae ranged between 1.79% to 10.65% and it was rated as harmless. The radial growth of the fungus was higher in control plates which were statistically similar to fungal growth in petridishes poisoned with herbicides. With respect to L. lecanii it was seen that percentage inhibition was below 50% in the treatments involving the herbicide Metsulfuron methyl +Chlorimuron ethyl and Cyhalofop-Butyl + Penoxsulam, whereas Pretilachlor +Bensulfuron methyl treated plates showed maximum growth inhibition of 57.70%. The growth of B. bassiana was slow irrespective of the herbicide treatments and the treatment involving Metsulfuron methyl +Chlorimuron ethyl registered the lowest growth inhibition compared to Cyhalofop-Butyl+ Penoxsulam and Pretilachlor+Bensulfuron methyl. The percentage inhibition ranged from 22.33% to 87.57%. The results indicated that M. anisopliae was compatible with all the three tested herbicides and L. lecanii was compatible with Metsulfuron methyl +Chlorimuron ethyl and Cyhalofop-Butyl + Penoxsulam whereas Pretilachlor +Bensulfuron methyl was slightly harmful to L. lecanii. With respect to B. bassiana, Metsulfuron methyl +Chlorimuron ethyl was slightly harmful to the fungal growth while Cyhalofop-Butyl + Penoxsulam and Pretilachlor +Bensulfuron methyl were moderately harmful.

Mango known as king of fruits is grown widely in India and cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. Mango cultivars cultivated in India have certain ecological and geographical requirements for best development and productivity. A significant impact is seen due to the incidence of pests and diseases on the
quality of mangoes produced domestically and for export. Farmers should be the updated on the weather related information and newer technologies to avoid yield losses and get secured gains. The farmers should be innovative to adopt the modern innovations more rapidly. The study analysed the innovativeness of
Mango growers of Tamil Nadu state. A sample of 100 farmers was selected from four villages namely Kalvehalli, Chaparthi, Maruderi and Thatrahalli from Kaveripattinam block in Krishnagiri district was selected for the study. The findings of the study stated that 69 percent of the respondents belonged to
medium category followed by 25 percent and 6 percent belonged to low and high levels of innovativeness respectively. The study illuminated the need to improve the innovativeness among the mango growers of Tamil Nadu

A study was conducted on scientific goat rearing knowledge level, among webinar (training) participants during 2021 COVID- 19 pandemic period, organised by Department of Veterinary Extension, CVAS, Pookode, and Directorate of Entrepreneurship, KVASU, Kerala. It was observed that majority of respondents
were males (81.0%), belong to the middle age group (33.0%), educated up to graduate level (63.0%), had agriculture (35.0%) as primary occupation, possessed one to five numbers of goats (32.0%) and grouped under both less and high experienced (32.0% each). About 43.4% of participants possessed medium level
of knowledge, whereas among non-rearing farmers 35.3 % possessed low and medium knowledge level. Knowledge level on different domains of scientific rearing revealed both goat rearing and non-rearing farmers possessed higher level of knowledge on goat housing with Mean Correct Response (MCR) 0.722
and 0.705 respectively, whereas low level of knowledge was observed among both groups in health and diseases of goats with MCR 0.329 and 0.313 respectively. Some lacunae in knowledge level was observed in feeding & other management aspects

The study was carried out to know the awareness level of poultry growers about different aspects of
managemental practices of poultry farming in southern region of Rajasthan. For this study total 240 poultry
farming was randomly selected out of 16 villages in 08 tehsils of 04 districts of Non-tribal and Tribal area.
It was observed that 60.84% of Non-TSP area and 58.33% of TSP area respondents possessed medium
level of knowledge, whereas, 12.50 and 35.83% respondents of Non -TSP and TSP area, respectively had
low level of knowledge and 26.66% of Non-TSP area and 5.83% TSP area farmers were found to have
higher level of poultry farming knowledge. The results indicated that there was significantly variation in
knowledge between Non-TSP and TSP area respondents about poultry farming.

The information regarding management practices followed by indigenous cattle owners under field conditions
in western Maharashtra was collected from the cattle owners from the Kolhapur, Sangli, Satara, Solapur
and Pune, who was rearing indigenous cattle mainly Sahiwal, Gir, Tharparkar, Red Sindhi and Rathi breeds
which are mainly famous as milch purpose breeds during the year 2021-22. The 30 cattle owners from
each district i.e., total 150 cattle owners were selected randomly. The study revealed that overall majority
(63.33%) of cattle owners had permanent housing system. About (47.34%) owners preferred conventional
housing system and (41.33%) loose housing system. About (71.33%) cattle’s sheds were with pucca floor
and (82.67%) had slope in floor. Majority (72.00%) of cattle owner had pucca manger for feeding in that
(46.00%) had cement manger. Among the all cattle owners (37.33%, 28.00%, 32.00% and 28.67%) were
used bedding material on the floor in winter season, rubber mat for floor, segregate cows before calving and
provide bedding material to pregnant cows, respectively. Majority (81.33%) of cattle owners prefer stall
feeding method. Group feeding was done by majority (94.00%) of cattle owners. About (69.33%) cattle
owners fed their cattle with jowar kadabi + dry grass as a dry fodder and all of them did chopping of dry
fodder while (92.00%) did chopping of green fodder before feeding. About (76.67%) cattle owners used
ready made concentrate mixture and (72.67%) fed it at the time of milking. Among the all cattle owners
93.33%, 74.00% and 96.67% were fed concentrate mixture to pregnant cow, young calves and heifers,
respectively. Majority (32.00%) cattle fed 2-3kg of concentrate mixture to lactating cow. Only 15.33 per
cent cattle owners fed common salt while 78.67 % fed mineral mixture to their cattle.

The study was carried out on Lodha women in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha to know their morbidity
pattern. The Lodha women belonged to 18-45 years of age group. The questionnaire cum interview method
was used for data collection. The collected data were analysed through SPSS and MSTAT-C software. The
study showed that the socio-economic status was very low and the common health problems found to be
statistically significant. Hence it may be inferred that the parameters common cold, fever, indigestion,
vomiting, pale conjunctiva, pale coated tongue, head reeling, diarrhoea, loss of appetite and pyorrhea; the
common health problems were low among the tribal women. Most of the tribal women were suffering from
various gynaecological problems.

Roving survey was carried out during 2022-23 in Agastheeswaram, Rajakamangalam, Kurunthancode,
Thuckalay, Thovalai and Killiyoor blocks of Kanyakumari district and the extent of damage in terms of
incidence and intensity were recorded for major pests and diseases of coconut. The fungal diseases viz.,
bud rot, basal stem rot and phytoplasma disease viz., root (wilt) and insect pests namely Rugose spiraling
whitefly, Rhinoceros beetle and Red palm weevil were widely prevalent in these blocks of the districts.
The data revealed that the maximum infestation of rugose spiraling whitefly (18.44 %) in Vellimallai
village of Kurenthencode block and minimum incidence of 8.00 percent was noticed in Nattalam village of
Killiyoor block. The rhinoceros beetle was noticed in all age palm groups. The maximum incidence (16.22
%) was noticed in Nallur village of Agastheeswaram block and minimum incidence (5.00 %) in Puthalam
village of Rajakkamangalam block. Incidence of red palm weevil was 16.43 per cent in Nullivillai B of
Thuckalay block and minimum incidence of 1.33 was recorded in Eravipudoor village of Agastheeswarm
block. Among the various diseases, Root wilt was severe and highest incidence of 74.42 per cent was
observed in Thippiramalai village of killiyoor block followed by 52.63 per cent in Vellimallai village of
Kurenthencode block. The highest incidence of bud rot (7.91%) was observed in Dharmapuram village of
Rajakkamangalam block and basal stem rot incidence (5.0 %) in Nattalam village, Killiyor block.

Yoghurt is a favourite dairy product for billions of people around the world and the producers constantly
seek out ways of bringing new varieties for new eating occasions to be enjoyed anywhere and anytime.
An attempt was made to enrich the vitamin D3 in yoghurt. The crystalline vitamin D3 was enriched at three
different levels viz., 1000 IU, 1500 IU and 2000 IU in one litre of milk. The vitamin D3 enriched yoghurt
samples were subjected to sensory evaluation for its acceptance, using the 9-point hedonic scale. There was
no significant difference observed in acidity and overall acceptability. It was concluded that the yoghurt
enriched with vitamin D3 @1500 IU in one litre of milk revealed better sensory acceptability during storage
up to 14 days at 5?C. The daily requirement of vitamin D is 400 IU. Hence, by consuming 100 ml of
yoghurt enriched with vitamin D3 at 1500 IU in one litre of milk, about 10 per cent of the vitamin D daily
requirement can be fulfilled.

Pesticides are turned to be the potent weapon to wipe away the enmassed pest population in agriculture crops,
specifically when other measures fail. A deep understanding of the field practices in pesticide application is
required to establish the soundness of human health and environmental safety. The study was an attempt to
unravel field realities in vegetable cultivation through the prism of good pesticide practices in application.
Vegetable fields of National Capital Region (NCR)’s two sub regions Uttar Pradesh (UP) and Haryana
were selected for conduct of the study. About 200 farmers growing cabbage, cauliflower, brinjal and bitter
gourd were selected as the respondents. This study revealed that the prevailing pest management method
was application of plant protection chemicals wherein, farmers gave least consideration for Economic
Threshold Level (ETL). Farmers were neither aware of ETL nor following it. Likewise, was the most
approached source of information on pesticides was the fellow farmers followed by input dealers. Field
practices further indicated that vegetable fields were seldom managed by integrated pest control principles,
only invisible percentage of the farmers used bio-pesticides in the fields. The commercial motives, fear
of losing market demand and strive for good production in consumer appealing forms are apparent from
the farmer’s practices of keeping separate chemical pesticide free plot for production of vegetables for
domestic consumption. In sum, farmers’ practices were seldom compliant with the recommended practices
of pesticide handling, at the core of which is their lack of awareness about safety practices and its need.

Each culture has myths and beliefs about menstruation. These believes exist in different forms in different
cultures. In most societies, menarche is an indication of sexual maturity in a girl. However, a substantial
body of literature suggests that menarche and menstruation are mainly negatively perceived and experienced
by girls. The study aims to identify perception and adaptability of adolescent girls with existing sociocultural
menstrual believes and myths in Kargil. The sample has been drawn from 2 blocks namely. Kargil
and Sankoo blocks. The study comprised of 320 unmarried adolescent girls who were selected in equal
numbers from Balti and Purig tribe. The entire group of selected girls was currently enrolled in high and
higher secondary schools of the district. The tools used for data collection included: Interview, Checklist
method, and Focus Group Discussion. The data were analyzed through content analysis and statistical
techniques using SPSS 16.0 version. The findings highlight that the lives of these tribal females continued
to be influenced by the cultural and religious construction. Majority tribal adolescent girls continued
to follow many of the menstrual beliefs and myths. They especially avoided applying of henna during
menstruation and followed the practice of hiding menstrual clothes and protective products. Disposal of all
menstrual material was still done in complete secrecy and beliefs related to this were held as true. This all
shows that the young adolescent girls have modified some of the beliefs but continue to feel the presence
of many other beliefs/myths. Menstruation though intrinsic to them happens to be bound by many specific
menstrual believes and myths. Though they desire to abandon many of these but fear of social rejection
and loss of family prestige hinders them to leave these beliefs and myths.

Custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) is a commercially important fruit crop grown in homesteads of Kerala,
which is mostly consumed for its nutritional value. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the genetic
variability of custard apple in homesteads of Kerala with respect to quality at different fruit ripening stages
viz., optimum mature, ripe and at the end of shelf life and compared with the cultivated variety of Annona
squamosa L. cv. Balanagar. Fruit characters viz., fruit weight, length, diameter, seed weight, fruit firmness,
and pulp percentage were recorded higher in Balanagar fruits at all the stages of ripening. However, the
number of seeds, fruit rind thickness and fruit colour, pulp colour and pulp texture of fruits of local genotype
and Balanagar did not show any variation in all fruit ripening stages. The fruits of local custard apple fruits
recorded higher peel percentage and shelf life than Balanagar fruits. The locally collected genotype from
Kerala homesteads had promising fruit physical characteristics and was comparable to the commercial
variety Balanagar. Hence local genotype selected could be used for the varietal improvement studies for
developing promising custard apple variety suitable for humid tropical conditions of Kerala.

Cauvery command area is known for paddy cultivation. In Mandya district, paddy occupies an area of 80735
ha with a production of 1,84,307 MT and productivity of 3400kg/ha. Use of locally available varieties,
faulty cultivation practices with continuous submerged conditions are causing higher pest and disease
incidence thus leading to lower yield. In this context an attempt was made with an objective to substitute
existing variety with improved paddy variety MSN-99 with integrated crop management practices. The
FLD on improved variety MSN-99 was carried out during the two consecutive years 2021 and 2022 in
village B-Hullukere and Goravale of Mandya district. The soil of the area under study was red loamy soil.
The components in FLDs comprised of improved variety MSN-99 along with proper land preparation, seed
rate, seed treatment, pre-emergence application of herbicide and need based plant protection measures.
The inputs viz., Seeds, Lodax powder herbicide, Zinc, Azospirillum were distributed to farmers. The crop
was transplanted during the second week of July and harvested in 3rdweek of November. The yield data
were collected from both demonstration and farmers’ practices by random crop cutting methods. The result
indicated that improved variety MSN-99 exhibited mean grain yield 43.70 q/ha which accounts to 26.11 %
higher than the farmer’s practices. The technology gap of the demonstration plot was 5.85 q/ha and 6.75
q/ha during 2021-22 and 2021-22, respectively. Extension gap of 9.10 q/ha and 9.00 q/ha was observed
during 2021-22 and 2021-22, respectively. The technology index varied from 11.70 % to 13.50 % with
a mean value of 12.60%. The efficacy of demonstrated technology improved variety MSN-99 coupled
with scientific package of practices can be proved and it accelerates with the adoption of demonstrated
technology to increase the yield of paddy.

The present study was conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Srikakulam to evaluate the productive and
economic parameters of the improved breeds such as Vanaraja, srinidhi and Rajasri birds in the backyards
as an income generation activity. Rural and tribal women of North coastal Andhra Pradesh are traditionally
involved in rearing of back yard poultry as a livelihood option. Back yard poultry farming in Srikakulam
district is mainly dependant on raising indigenous poultry birds which are slow in growth, poor food
conversion ratio as well as prone to diseases frequently. A total of 150 units, with 20 birds, waterer and
feeder each were supplied, to farm women spreading 74 villages, in 23 mandals in the district. One month
old birds were supplied after completion of early day’s vaccination schedule. Technical assistance was given
to the farmers through skill training programs, group discussions, advisory services and diagnostic field
visits to enhance the knowledge level. The growth and economic parameters were collected by conducting
field level survey. The results of the study revealed increased growth rate (116%) as well survival (93%)
was observed, benefit cost ratio 2.02 and 1.05, and net returns per unit Rs.5150/- and Rs 220/- in superior
breeds vanaraja/srinidhi and local birds respectively.

The present study was an attempt to address the profile of registered and un-registered micro-enterprises
from sub-mountainous region of Punjab. The study was conducted in randomly selected two districts
viz. Hoshiarpur and Roopnagar of sub mountainous region of Punjab. After the selection of districts “all
women enterprises” were randomly selected from the list procured from various sources like Krishi Vigyan
Kendras (KVKs) and Regional Research Stations (RRSs) of Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) and
Farmer Advisory Service Centre (FASC).The study contacted only those enterprises which were functional
enterprises in both districts. Further proportionally from each districts four enterprises were contacted
which were registered and six were un-registered thus a total of ten enterprises comprised the sample for
study for preparing the profile of enterprises. The registered enterprises were engaged in manufacturing
activities same as of un-registered enterprises like pickle making, squash making, jam preparation, murabba
making, cloth stitching, embroidery, tokri making, toy making, decorative goods preparation etc. They
all had fixed working hours and work throughout the year except Nari Shakti which worked on the basis
of demand. They all were in contact with the Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) for expert advice and other
useful help. Raw material was procured either from open market or from contractor as per the availability
of raw material in market. Un-registered enterprise sold their products directly to customers, during RKMs
and also in collective manner. Study suggested that un-registered enterprises should be motivated and
guided to get their enterprise registered to draw benefits and to make them economically viable and vibrant.

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) has been recognized for its nutritional value and resilience to harsh
environmental conditions. Jamun seed powder is gaining attention for its potential health advantages,
including anti-diabetic properties, antioxidant effects, and anti-inflammatory activities. The Jamun seed
powder was incorporated in breakfast products at 20% levels replacing pearl millet flour. The sensory
evaluation was performed by 9 Hedonic scale and the most acceptable type of products compared with
control for performing nutritional composition such as proximate, minerals, in vitro digestibility, phtyic
acids and polyphenols. The findings of the sensory studies revealed that Jamun seed powder incorporation
in Chapatti (15%) and Dalia (20%) good acceptability, with minimal impact on sensory attributes and
Upma showed a decline in acceptability at 20% Jamun seed powder. The addition of Jamun seed powder
led to an increase in crude fiber (1.87 to 2.57 %), minerals like calcium (33.84 to 74.23 mg/100gm)
phosphorus (158.53 211.06 mg/100gm), and zinc (1.71 to 3.53 mg/100gm), offering potential health
benefits to consumers. Moreover, the decrease in phytic acid (592.23 to 487.53 mg/100gm) content
indicated improved mineral bioavailability, while the rise in polyphenols (231.09 to 456.97 mg/100gm)
content showcased the antioxidant potential of the fortified breakfast products. The in-vitro studies revealed
that the protein digestibility of the products decreased (60.06 to 41.47 %) and starch digestibility was not
as significant with the incorporation of Jamun seed powder. The findings highlight the potential of these
value-added breakfast products to offer enhanced nutritional content and functional benefits, particularly
for those following diabetic diets.

Onion is an important crop of Sikar district of Rajasthan. In the present study a total sample of 100 farmers
(50 beneficiaries and 50 non-beneficiaries) was selected. The data were collected through an interview
schedule to assess the knowledge level of farmers regarding onion production technology. Then correlation
was find out between independent variables of respondents and their knowledge regarding onion production
technology. The results showed that all the independent variables like age, education, land holding, farming
experience, extension contact, occupation, annual income and market orientation were positively and
significantly related with the knowledge of both beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers. It explained that
all the independent variables had affected the knowledge level of respondents

The present investigation was undertaken with the objective of impact assessment on diversification in
agriculture and livelihood security of its members through club activities. The investigation adopted expost
facto research design. A sample size of 80 farmers’ club members by employing whole sampling from
four farmers’ clubs were purposively selected. The findings of the investigation revealed that majority of
club members were of young (38.75%) and middle age (46.75%) having education level of secondary
(48.75%) and graduation level (38.75%). About 44 per cent of members had 2-4 ha. followed by 28.75 per
cent possessed 1-2 ha. land. The maximum number of club members (36.25 %) took up organic farming
followed by pisciculture activity (22.50%) and animal husbandry & dairying (21.25%). Other activities
like vegetables, beekeeping also took up by respondent members which gave them additional farm income.
Further, it was evident that maximum number of club members found to expressed their satisfaction in food
security and social security aspects (48.75%).

Studies on mango leaf webber (Orthaga euadrusalis Walker) with respect to seasonal incidence was
conducted during the year 2021-22 and 2022-23 at farmer’s plot of different villages of Madhepura district
of Bihar. Seasonal incidence data revealed that maximum leaf webber population in mango was observed
from last fortnight of September to last fortnight of November ranged from 15.40 to 16.10 with highest 21.40
webs/tree in first fortnight of November. A gradual declined from 13.00 to 2.80 webs/tree was observed
from first fortnight of December to second fortnight of January, respectively.
The study was carried out in RBD and observations were recorded before spray and 15 DAS (Days After
Spray). Data on management of leaf webber reflect that at 15 DAS of combination product (Acephate
45% + Cypermethrin 5%) @ 2g/L gave the best result in per cent reduction of web and larvae per tree.
The pest incidence ranged between73.25 and 87.23and 83.34 and 83.61 during 2021-22 and 2022-23,
respectively which was followed by Quinalphos 25EC @ 1.5ml/L. The management techniques given
in this research paper would be a valuable resource for mango orchardist, researchers, and stakeholders
involved in managing the mango leaf webber problem.

The study was carried out with the objective of increasing antioxidant and reducing sodium content by
incorporating different levels of salt replacer (Potassium chloride, cinnamon extract and mushroom extract)
and pomegranate rind extract, respectively. Patties with 1.2% NaCl, 0.8% KCl and 3% pomegranate
rind extract was found suitable and most acceptable by the sensory panelists, selected for further storage
study under refrigeration. TBA, FFA value and microbial count of developed low sodium-antioxidant rich
Kadaknath chicken patties were lower as compared to control throughout the storage. A progressive and
significant (P<0.05) increment in the TBA and FFA values of control as well as developed low sodiumantioxidant
rich Kadaknath chicken patties was observed with the advancement of storage period. The total
plate count (TPC) followed a significantly (P<0.05) increasing pattern from 0 to 12 d in aerobic packaging
in control as well as functional Kadaknath chicken patties. Psychotropic count was not detected up to 4th
day of storage either in control or in low sodium-antioxidant rich Kadaknath chicken patties but detected
from 8th day of storage. Yeast and Mold were not detected up to 8th day of storage either in control or in
functional Kadaknath chicken patties and it was detected on 12th day of storage. Coliform were not detected
during the entire period of storage. The observation indicated that microbial count as well as sensory
attributes remained well below the permissible level and product was stable up to 12 days of storage under
refrigeration (4±1ºC).

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil seed crop mainly grown under rainfed condition. The
normal rainfall of the Davangere district is about 665 mm and crop is grown in red, black and sandy soils.
The groundnut yields were low under rainfed farming due to erratic rainfall and long dry spells during the
crop growth period. ICAR-Taralabalu Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Davanagere conducted the on farm
trial on the assessment of the three groundnut varieties for higher yield and drought tolerant at Rameshwara
village of Nymathi taluk. The varieties used were TMV-2, GPBD-4 and G2-52 for yield potential and
drought tolerance. The study was conducted for two years and results revealed that groundnut variety
G2-52 recorded higher pod yield of 2785 kg/ha, Haulm yield (37.06 q/ha) and plant height of 79.24 cm as
compared to the farmer’s practice. The highest shelling percentage recorded in G2-52 (73%) and lowest
recorded in farmer’s practice (TMV-2) 68%. Gross return and Net return were?136876/ha and ?82075/
ha respectively by growing G2-52 as against ?108427/ha and ?46478/ha in farmer’s practice (TMV-2).
The Haulm yield (37.06 q/ha) and Benefit cost ratio (2.39) were recorded highest in G2-52 as against the
farmer’s practice. Groundnut varieties G2-52 and GPBD-4 were better option for the rainfed farming of the
Davanagere district

The rapid pace of technological advancements and the ever-changing landscape of the mobile app industry,
it is imperative to gain a comprehensive understanding of the prevailing trends and features that drive user
engagement, satisfaction, and adoption rates. Hence research paper presents review aimed at exploring the
trends and features of mobile app in the dynamic Indian market. The primary objective of this research paper
was to identify and categorize the Indian mobile apps related to agriculture and allied sectors. A thorough
literature search was performed on secondary data from reliable sources, such as academic databases,
market research studies, and app stores. This study had attempted to provide insights into the agricultural
apps by categorising them which may guide strategic decision-making and encourage innovation in the
fast-paced Indian mobile app market.

Two years old male non – descriptive dog was presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Udumalpet
with a history of snake bite along with the Dead Russells viper snake. On observation facial oedema and
fang mark on periorbital region (outer canthus) of the right eye were noticed. Haematology revealed
echinocytosis, leukocytosis, neutrophilia and thrombocytosis. Serum biochemical evaluation revealed
normal renal and liver profile. Based on the history, signs and clinical findings the case was diagnosed
and treated for snake envenomation and appropriate therapeutic management was carried out immediately.
Treatment was done with anti-snake venom, fluid, corticosteroid, antihistamine and antibiotic with careful
monitoring. Day 1 and Day 7 renal profiles were normal and significant recovery was observed.

Sixteen unvaccinated dogs of various breeds, aged between two to six months old were selected for this study.
They had a common history of pyrexia, anorexia, vomiting and foul smelling bloody diarrhoea. Clinical
examination revealed marked dehydration, tachycardia, weak pulse, congested visible mucous membranes
and sunken eyeballs. Faecal samples were collected for snap test (faecal antigen test). Blood samples were
collected for complete blood profile and serum biochemistry at day 1, day 5 and day 10. Based on the
history, clinical signs and laboratory report, the cases confirmed as Canine Parvo Viral Enteritis (CPVE).
The confirmed dogs were divided into two groups. Group 1(n=8) dogs were treated with standard treatment
protocol. Group 2 (n=8) dogs were treated with standard protocol along with homeopathy drugs. Group
2 dogs recovered earlier when compared to Group 1 dogs. Haematology, serum biochemistry, treatment
protocol and prognosis were discussed in detail.

Raising improved and indigenous poultry birds by adopting scientific approach has the potential to bring
profound change in rural economy by empowering youth and women farmers. Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Lakhimpur conducted demonstrations on rearing Kamrupa birds under backyard conditions. The birds
exhibited extremely good productive performance. Average body weight gain was found to be 1950g at the
end of 4m of age whereas it was 1315g for female Kamrupa chicken. On the other hand at the same age
for local poultry it was 661g and 629g respectively. Similarly, age at 1st egg for Kamrupa birds was 179d
whereas it was 220d for local poultry. Average egg production was found to be 127 numbers for Kamrupa
and only 60 numbers for local poultry under backyard system.

GI Kuttiatoor mango is a popular and tasty traditional mango cultivar of Kuttiyattoor and the nearby Grama
panchayaths of Kannur district. Mango farmers were practicing traditional method of ripening for years
which resulted in non uniform ripening, reduced shelf life and increased post harvest losses and leads to
lower price in the markets. The study was conducted at selected farmers field by constructing a low cost
ripening chamber of 1.6m X1.4 mX1.8 m height size with one side opening. In this technology Etherel (8
ml) and sodium hydroxide (2 g) was used for release of ethylene gas in the chamber. The chamber capacity
is about 1ton. The unripe mature mangoes in plastic crates were kept inside the air tight ripening chamber
for 24 h for enhancing ripening process. The results of study revealed that with low cost ripening chamber
the ripening time was 3d where as the time required for traditional method was almost 7d the recovery
percentage of mangoes in low cost ripening chamber and traditional method were 90 per cent and 70 per
cent respectively. The benefits observed were reduction of post harvest losses in mangoes, labour and time
saving.

Rabbits are very much prone to skin infections of which Sarcoptic mange is most commonly noticed. Eight
non descriptive rabbits of 1-2 yr age of both the sexes were presented by different owners with the history
of pruritis, scab and crusts formation in the ears, paws and alopecia all over the body. Detailed clinical
examination revealed thick crusts over the ear margins, paws and scales on the body. Skin scrapings of
the affected areas under microscope confirmed the Sarcoptes spp., mite. Ivermectin @400 mcg/kg bwt
sc administered once in a week for four weeks along with topical application of benzyl benzoate and
supplementation with vitamins and minerals were found to be effective with a good prognosis. No recurrence
was reported till date in all the rabbits.

The major crops of the district are soybean ,turmeric, cotton, pigeon pea, red gram and gram. This district
suffers from various natural calamities like climate change, flood, droughts and non season rainfall and
changes in temperature,urbanization, and fragmented land holding. To overcome above problems in
agriculture there is need to commercialize agriculture, change is farming system, cropping pattern and
adoption of allied agricultural related activities in order to ensure an all-round development of farming
families and improving standard of living of farmers from Hingoli district.The present study was conducted
in Hingoli district of Marathwada region of Maharashtra State. From nineteen villages 110 KVK connected
farmers were selected purposively for present study. The data were collected using a well-structured and
pretested interview schedule by covering all dimensions. It was revealed that 75.45% and 45.45% of
respondents faced constraints of girdle beetle infestation and shattering problem in soybean, while 51.81 %
wild animals attack, 35.45 % lack of awareness about market price of crops and constraints in cultivation
of major crops